The nasal cavity presents a promising non-invasive route for administering various drugs and delivering medications into systemic circulation. Some key benefits of the intranasal route include rapid drug absorption, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, easy administration, and direct delivery of drug payloads to the brain through olfactory or trigeminal neural pathways. This has sparked significant interest in developing advanced intranasal drug delivery devices for a diverse range of therapeutic applications.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Nose
The nasal cavity has a surface area of about 150 cm2 lined with highly vascularized mucosa only about 0.1 mm thick, which facilitates rapid absorption of drugs administered Intranasal Drug Delivery Devices. The thin epithelial barrier and rich blood supply enable direct drug entry into systemic circulation bypassing hepatic first-pass metabolism. The nose also provides direct nose-to-brain pathways for localized or CNS drug targeting. However, the nasal mucosa presents formidable clearance mechanisms like mucociliary escalator and mucoadhesion challenges limiting drug residence times.
Advanced Intranasal Intranasal Drug Delivery Devices
To address these challenges, researchers are developing advanced drug delivery platforms optimized for intranasal administration. Some key examples include:
Nanoparticle-Based Formulations
Nanoparticle encapsulation of drugs improves formulation stability, controls drug release kinetics, and facilitates drug transport across the nasal epithelium barrier. Materials like lipids, chitosan, dendrimers, and inorganic nanoparticles have been explored to develop effective intranasal nanocarriers. Recent studies show enhanced nose-to-brain transport and bioavailability of anticancer drugs, vaccines, and neurotherapeutics delivered via nanoparticle intranasal sprays.
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